Woodrow Wilson Fights for Peace

1. What was Wilson's 14th Point?
the creation of the league of nations
2. What terms of the treaty specifically affected Germany?
Germany could not maintain an army, had to give some of its land to France, and had to pay $33 mill. to the allies.
3. What were the weaknesses of the treaty?
The treaty blaimed Germany for solely being responsible for the war, and stripped it of its colonies. The treaty also excluded Russia (which ended up losing more territory than Germany), and it ignored colonies pleas for independence.
4. Why did Henry Cabot Lodge object to the treaty?
He was suspicious of joint economic and military action against agression.
5. How did Wilson help bring about the Senate's rejection of the treaty?
He ignored the Republican majority and refused to compromise on the league of nations.
6. What circumstances at this time would eventually lead many Germans to support Adolf Hitler?
To Germans the war felt unfinished, and they wanted revenge on the allies.
7. Who is George Clemenceau?
The premier of France
8. Who is David Lloyd George?
The British Prime Minister
9. Describe the participation of Russia at the peace conference.
Non-existant.

WWI- The War at Home

What were some things accomplished by the following wartime agencies and laws?

1. War Industries Board
Set production quotas and allocated raw materials. Regulated economy.
2. Railroad Administration
controlled railroad
3. Fuel Administration
monitored coal supplies and rationed gasoline and heating oil. In March 1918 introduced day-light savings time.
4. National War Labor Board
established in 1918 to deal with disputes between management and labor. Workers who refused to obey board orders could lose draft exemptions. Pushed for 8 hour workday, enforced child labor ban, and prompted safety inspections.
5. Food Administration
Under Herbert Hoover, one day a week was "meatless," another "wheatless," another, "sweetless" and two others, "porkless."
6. Committee on Public Information
Propaganda agency, made to "sell" the war to the public. Headed by George Creel, a former muck-raker.
7. Espionage and Sedition Acts
Under these acts a person could be fined up to $10,000 or sentenced to 20 years in jail for interfering with the war-effort or saying anything disloyal. Violated the first ammendment.

Briefly explain why Bernard M. Baruch and George Creel are significant historical figures.

Baruch was a prosperous business man who was the leader of the War industries board.

George Creel was a former muck-raker and leader of CPI.

WWI begins

1. What are the four main causes of World War I? Give an example for each as to why it was a cause.

Nationalism: Russia thought it was the protector of all Serbs and had to intervene if Serbia was attacked.

Imperialism: for many years europe had been building over-seas empires and aquiring colonies all over the world.

Militerism: Germany was the most militarized nation in europe, and wanted to compete with Brittan maritimely.

Allies: England, France and Russia were allied. Russia was allied with serbia. When Serbia was attacked, England and France had to intervene.

2. How did the June 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand become the spark for WWI?

Franz Ferdinand was heir to the Austrian throne. he was shot by a Serbian nationalist. This caused Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia, etc.

3. What happened within the first few months of fighting?

Germany conquered Belgium

4. Generally, why did the United States want to stay out of the war?

The war was 3000 miles away and did not threaten America.

5. Specifically, Why did the following groups of Americans tend to oppose U.S. participation in the war? Naturalized citizens; socialists; pacifists; parents.

naturalized citizens: Proabably from Europe and did not want America to fight their old country.
socialists: saw war as Captitalist ploy to get more colonies.
Pacifists: beleived war was evil
Parents: did not want sons to die


6. How did Germany respond to the British naval blockade of Germany’s ports? What was the U.S. response?

Germany set up a counter-blockade of U-boats and sunk Lusitania (a ship carrying Americans). Americans just accepted the blockade.

7. What forced the United States into the war?
The sinking of the Lusitania and numerous other unarmed ships carrying Americans. Also, a proposed alliance between Mexico and Germany.

America as a World Power

1. What role did President Roosevelt play in ending the Russo-Japanese War?
He organized the peace talks and hosted them on the presidential yacht. He got a Nobel peace prize for this.
2. What events led to the building of the Panama Canal? What happened regarding Columbia? (Be specific)
A french com[any already tries building a canal in Panama but failed. The French company convinced the US government to buy the land for $40 million but Venazuala (which controlled Panama at the time) would not allow this. So an agent from the company organized a rebellion and overthrew the government.
3. What did the Roosevelt Corollary state?
The US would use force to protect its economic interests in Latin America.
4. How did Taft use Dollar Diplomacy to enforce the Roosevelt Colollary on Nicaragua? (Be specfic)
Taft offered to pay Nicaragua's debts if the US could get its money back and control its bank and railroads. When the citizens of Nicaragua heard of this they revolted, and so the US used military force to put it down.
5. Why did Woodrow Wilson invade Mexico?
Because he beleived the government was not morally acceptable because the dictator came to power by murdering his enemy.
6. What were three major foriegn policy goals achieved by the United States in the early 20th century. Be sure to provide an example or two of each.
-The US expanded it economy abroad (with the building of the Panama Canal)
-The US made peace (peace talks that ened the Russo-Japanesse War)
-The US policed Latin America (US involvement in the Mexican civil war)

Imperialism's bitter fruit

1. a. After the Spanish were forced out of the Philippines, why did fighting break out between American and Filipino forces?

a) Because they wanted complete independence from the US, but the US wanted the Philipines as a colony.


b. How was this a different kind of warfare for American forces?

b) It was guerilla warfare, it was impossible for the Americans to tell friend from foe because the soldiers blended right into the civilian population.

2. Why were many African-Americans strong critics of the war against Filipino nationalists?

2)Because the Philipinos were similar to them. They were an oppressed people as well, and they also experienced racism.

3. Explain two reasons why the United States lost some of its enthusiasm for imperialism in the early 1900s.

a.The public became apathetic

b. Americans were not prepared for the burdens of an empire.


4. What were the positive effects of American occupation in Puerto Rico and Cuba?

4) Progress and development was made (roads, telegraph lines, new schools, etc.)

5. After the Spanish-American War, the United States insisted that Cuba only receive independence after agreeing to several limitations set forth in the Platt Amendment. Four restrictions on Cuban independence set forth in the Platt Amendment were:

a. The US could oversee the Cuban economy


b. The US could exercise veto power over Cuban foreign policy.


c. intervene when neccery to "protect" people's rights


d. US allowed to build a naval base at Guantanamo bay.

Was the United States justified in making these demands? Explain your reasoning.

No, because the US did not give the Cubans freedom, the US just made ruling Cuba easier. They US was still in control, they just gave the busy work to the Cuban government.

6. Do you believe the United States was imperialist? Why or why not?

I do believe the US was imperialist because it forcefully took control of sovereign nations and held them as colonies. That is the definition of imperialism.

Spanish American War

1. What connections did the U.S. have to Cuba in the late 1800s? List at least two.

a. The sugar industry

b. Buying Cuban sugar

2. What were the Spanish “reconcentration camps”?

Reconscentration camps were towns where the Spanish put Cuban peasents so they could not aid rebels.

3. List three reasons why the United States went to war with Spain in Cuba.
a.Yellow journalism

b.The De Lome letter

c.The sinking of the USS Maine


4. Which do you believe was the most important reason? Why?

I beleive yellow journalism was the most important factor in the Spanish American war because the newspapers blew everything out of proportion in order to sell papers. The De Lome letter would not have mattered if the newspapers had not called it "the worst insult to Aerica in its history."


5. What did the Teller Amendment say?
America had no jurisdiction over Cuba and America would allow Cuba to govern itself after the war.

6. Why was a portion of the Spanish-American War fought in the Philippines?
Because Spain had a fleet in Manila because it was a Spanish territory.


7. Dewey’s victory in the _____Philippines_______________________ sparked an outpouring of ___pride______________ in the United States.



8. Why did Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders want to fight in Cuba?
Because of national pride after Dewey's victory in the Philippines.

9. a. Why were many African-Americans eager to serve in the Spanish-American War?
They thought it would prove their loyalty to America and elevate their status.

b. What forms of discrimination and prejudice did they encounter?
Black volunteers were rejected in all but three states in the first call for volunteers, and in the second they were rejected in all but 5 states. Also, in only 3 states were black officers put in charge of these volunteer units.

10. How did racism influence American perceptions of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines? Give two examples of events where racism affected U.S. policy after the war.
It was believed that the natives of those islands could not fend for themselves because they were not Caucasian.

a. Because Cubans were considered inferior to whites, they were not included in the negotiations about Cuba's future.

b. During the negotiations in Paris, the US and Spanish governments worked out a treaty but the Filipinos were not invited because they were considered inferior.

Imperialism: The Origins of Global Power

1. Why did American plantation owners and U.S. Marines topple Hawaii’s queen in 1893? Why was Hawaii considered to be a valuable prize? What was President Grover Cleveland’s reaction? Do you agree or disagree with his quote on page 1?

1) marines and plantation owners overthrew the queen because they supported Hawaii's annexation. Hawaii was a valuable prize because of its rich volcanic soil, and its geographic significance. Grover Cleaveland did not support Hawaii's new government because Hawaii was a soveirgen nation. He withdrew the treaty for the anexation. It is true that conquering a soveireing nation would hurt the national image. I agree with the quote.

2. Identify five important changes that transformed American in the nineteenth century. How did these five changes affect Americans?

2) Urbanization, trade, immigration, westward expansion, and the depressioon of 1893.
Immigration changed America by increasing its cultural diversity. Traditionally, most immigrants came from northern Europe, but during this time immigrants were coming from Eastern and southern Europe. With these new immigrants came the growth of cities, America was becoming more and more industrial. By the end of the 19th century, 1/3 of Americans lived in cities. Westward expansion made America bigger, and increased its wealth due to the amount of resources in the West. Trade became more important as industry became imoportant. America needed to find international markerts for its surpluses. The depression of 1893 (caused by the unexpected bankrupcy of two major railroad companies) ended a lot of this hope however, and showed that the future might not be so great after all.

3. How did the economic depression that began in 1893 deepen the divisions in American society? Which groups suffered the most during the depression?

3) Laborers worried about losing their jobs, city-dwellers about insecurity, and plant owners about losing money. The depression deepedned the slump in farmer's pay as well. many farmers were getting into more and more debt, and laborers were struggling with lower pay, while business owners saw increasing porfits before the depression.

4. What were the values many Americans attached to the frontier? Why did many Americans fear that the closing of the frontier would harm America’s national character?

4) Resourcefullness, bravery, pragmatism, ingenuity, individualism, patriotism, and egalitarianism were some of the values Americans attached to the frontier. They feared with no more vast, empty lands to settle, and no more untapped resources, America (which was largely based on expansion) would stagnate.

5. Why did some Americans suggest greater involvement overseas?

5) Americans needed to find new markets, and since America is placed right between both oceans, we could sell goods to both Asia and Europe.

6. What policy did expansionists say would ensure the economic success of the United States? What did imperialists say?

6) Expansionist believed that America needed a few ports and outposts in foreign countries (like the carribean islands and Hawaii) to increase trade, but imperialists believed the only way for the US to be economically successful would be to create an over-seas empire.

7. How did the theories of social Darwinism and scientific racism lend support to the cause of American imperialism? How were these pseudo-scientific theories used to justify racist policies and imperialism? Are they still used today?

7) Social Darwinism was the belief that the fittest race (which were the whites)should dominate other races. "Scientific" racism was the belief that some races were better than others, and it was porved "scientifically." Both of these ideas promoted imperialism, because if Americans are fittest, they have the right to conquer inferior countries. These theories are not still used today.

8. What did many Protestant churches say was America’s role in the world?

8) To spread the Anglo-saxon race (and with it, Christianity) to all corners of the globe. Because they believed it was God's plan.

9. Why did the United States become involved in several Latin American nations in the nineteenth century? Summarize why the United States became involved in Samoa, Hawaii, and other Latin American nations.

9) America became involved with several Latin American countires to ensure politcal stability, and maintain America's economic influence abroad. America became involved in Samoa because it was an important stopping point on the way to Australia. Mackinly finally annexed Hawaii because the Japanese started getting agitated that we restricted their immigration, so we claimed Hawaii once and for all. America became involved with Chile and Brazil to quell revolutions, and Nicarouga to quell disturbances.

10. Why was the United States concerned about British involvement in Venezuela? What concept did U.S. Secretary of State Richard Olney invoke in response?

10) The US didn't want Britain involved in Venezuela because it had rich deposits of gold, and if Britain made Venezuela a colony, it would get in the way of US commerce in that part of the world. Secretary of State Olney invoked the Monroe docterine.

Spanish American War (1898)

Causes: How did each of the following help to cause the outbreak of the Spanish-American War?

1. American business owners
Interested in aquiring Cuba because of sugar cane.
2. José Martí
He was a revolutionary who wanted a free Cuba. He helped start the second Cuban civil war.
3. Valeriano Weyler
A Spanish general who sent rural cubans into concentration camps so they could not help revolutionaries. Fueled yellow journalism.
4. Yellow journalism
Sensational articles which made Spanish sound cruel and evil. Purposely stretched the truth to sell newspapers.
5. De Lôme letter
A letter from Spanish minister to the US de Lome, which called president Mckinley 'weak' and 'a bidder for the admiration of the crowd."
6. U.S.S. Maine
A US war ship sent to Cuba to protect US citizens and interests, blew up. Newspapers claimed the Spanish blew it up. Caused outrage.

Effects: What happened to each of the following territories as a result of the Spanish-American War?

7. Cuba
Cuba was freed by Spain in the Treaty of Paris.
8. Puerto Rico
Given to US from Treaty of Paris.
9. Guam
Aquired from Treaty of PAris.
10. Philippine Islands
The Filipinos wanted freedom from Spain (like the Cubans), but ended up being occupied by the US instead. Sold to US from Spain for $20 mill.

US Imperialism begins

1.
a) desire for military strength
b) belief in cultural superiority
c) thirst for new markets
d) desire to fit in with European powers
e) annexation of Hawaii

2. d) America wanted to compete with european powers who had set the imperialist trend.
b) american's believed they had the responsiblity to spread Christianity and their culture to "inferior races."

3. Alaska, because people thought it was a useless wasteland.

4. The sugarcane industry was controlled by whites.

6. In the 1820's yankees founded christian schools and churches on the Islands, and began growing sugar cane which they sold to the US. By 1900 immigrants and whites outnumber natives 3 to 1. Over the next fifteen years sugarcane production increases 9-fold. In 1887 Pearl harbor is built. In 1898 congress proclaimed Hawaii an American territory, it became the 50th state in 1959

Child labor Reform Photographs

Examine the eight photographs taken by photographer Lewis W. Hine around the turn of the century.

For each photograph consider the following questions: (Copy the following and post it to your blog. Title: Child Labor Reform Photographs Labels: Child_Labor, Progressive_Era )


Objective Assessment


As you view each photograph take note about what you see. (note people, background, objects) Pretend you were describing the image to someone who could not see it. Try to avoid making judgments.

Where are these children? List any clues relating to their surroundings.
Describe any tools or objects you see.
Describe their clothing. What do their clothes reveal about their work?

Subjective Assessment


What questions do you have about each of these photographs?
Based on your observations, list three things you might infer about the lives of these children. (Be sure to consider Hine's notes about the photographs when considering this.


Photograph A
A girl in a tattered dress is standing beside a window and a long line of sewing machines in a factory. Why can't the girl remember her age? What does Hine mean "Runs 4 sides-48 cents a day."? If she can't remember her age she must not go to school. if she is 51 inches high she is probabley between 7-10 years old. Because her dress is so wrinkled; she probabley works very long.

Photograph B
The girls are standing outside of a building. Their hair is unkempt, and some of the girls' hair has straw in it. Why is there straw in their hair? Why is the girl in the middle so angry? Why is the girl on the far right smiling? From the photograph I can infer that the building behind the girls is a factory, and the factory processes hay. because their hair is up, it probabley means they work with machines and they don't want there hair to be caught.

Photograph C
The girl is in a room full of sewing machines. Her dress is dirty and wrinkled, and she has no shoes. What does "happened in" mean? Why did the overseer of the factory allow Hine in? What does this girl do? Because the girl is young I can infer that she does not get payed a lot of money. Also, because her dress is dirty, she might work fixing the machines.
Photograph D
The boy is standing next to a street lamp on a street corner with newspapers. He is very small.
Why is he so small? Why does it look like he has no hair? He is probabley small because he is malnurited. He is lucky enough to have shoes.
Photograph E
Breaker Boys are in a building on rows stacked on top of eachother. The coal dust is very dense. Slave-drivers stand next to them with sticks to poke them with. Why is one row on top of the next? Why don't they open the windows? From the amount of dust in that room, all of those boys will die an early death. From the way they are sitting they must have sore backs all the time.
Photograph F
The room is dark and is filled with devices and machines. One boy's shirt is ripped, maybe he got it caught on the end of a pipe. Why are there so many pipes? Why is the room so cramped? Why does the boy on the far left have a fedora? Like the coal workers, I bet there is a lot of dust in that room that could get in your lungs.
Photograph G
The room is long with exposed rafters and a pit in the center. It is hard to tell with what the shuckers are shiucking with. Why is there a hole in the center of the building? Why is a little girl tstanding over the pit? Are the babies working? It seems as though the shuckers are mostly children and women. They wages are probabley low because they aren't men.
Photograph H
There is a nice looking brick building. All the girls haveshauls over their heads, and all the boys have hats on. Why do they all have head coverings? Why is there an old man at the far right of the photo? These children must not go to school because they would be too tired. They are probabley tired all the time because their Circadian rythms are out of wack.

Progressivism Under Taft

1. Taft was TR's secretary of War, and was hand-picked by TR to run as his sucessor in 1908.
2. TR came back from a hunting trip in 1910 and proposed "new nationalism" he ran for office in 1912.
3. The republicans were split between Taft and TR, which opened up a power void which the democrat Woodrow Wilson filled.
4. Wilson used the Clayton Anti-trust Act 1914 and the Federal Trade Commission 1914 to bust trusts.
5. In 1919 congress passsed the 19th amendment (granting women the right to vote), and it was ratified in 1920.
6. WWI essentially ended the reform era because legislators were distracted, and reform efforts stalled.

urbanization

1. Urbanization means the growth of cities.
2. Americans began moving to cities because the advent of new technologies such as the Mccormick reaper and the steel plow made it possible for a small number of people to work the land and still be efficient. Also, man blacks who owned farms were put out of business and fled to northern cities to flee racial violence.
3. Some poor lived in row houses, houses that were in rows and shared sidewalls or tenements. Tenements were one family homes that had many families living together in them. The ventiliation in those houses was very poor, so the government set a ventilation standard. Landlords began making windows and vents in their tenements, but people put trash in the vents, and nailed their windows shut to keep out the smell.

immigration

1. Chinese came to America because they believed you could get rich quick because of the gold. Japanese came to America for the Higher pay. Russian Jews came to escape religious persecution. The other Europeans came to America because of the rising population of Europe, and the scarcity of farm land.

2. First the immigrants had endure a long boat ride with poor sanitation, and no clean air (they were in steerage), then if they survived the boat ride (when week from Europe, three from Asia) you would arrive at Ellis Island (if you were from Europe) for an inspection, questioning, and possible detainment. If you were coming from Asia, however, than you had to pass through Angel island where you were detained for long periods in ramshackle huts and were harshly questioned.

Labor and Big business quiz

Laissez faire was the philosophy that because the market was never made, that no one has the right to meddle in it. Laissez faire also emphasized the fact that virtuous, hard-working people could rise to the top. A good example of this was Andrew Carnegie. The laizzez faire philosophy discouraged governemtn intervention in business to improve the salries or working conditions of laborers. Another ideaology was Social Darwinism. Social darwinism was the belief that the strong should surivive (the rich) and the weak (the poor) should perish to make humanity stronger. Social darwinism was used by big business owners like John D. Rockerfellar to justify the low wages, unsafe working conditions, and long hours in their factories.

Labor and Big business

the Knights of Labor

a. Identification
founded by Uriah stephens in 1869. Membership was open regardless of race, gender, or degree of skill. Advocated 8 hour workday and advocated "equal work for equal pay" between men and women. Believed strikes were last resort, at height in 1886, had 700,00 members.
b. Significance
One of the first unions to accept all workers but never grew to be very large.

the Haymarket riot

a. Identification
Evening of may 4, 1886 3000 people gathered at Chicago's haymarket square to protest police brutality. Police arrived, someone threw a bomb, police fired at crowd. Seven police men and several stirkers died.
b. Significance
After the violence people began turning against unions.
the American Federation of Labor

a. Identification
Founded in 1886 by Samuel Gompers. Focused on negotiating between representatives of business and labor to reach written agreements on hours, wages and working conditions. Unlike the Knights of Labor the AFL used strikes as a major tactic.
b. Significance
Between 1890 and 1915 the average weekly wages in unionized industry rose from $17.50 to 24 and average work-week fell from 54.5 hours to a bit und 49 hours. AFL was a sucessful union

Samuel Gompers

a. Identification
led the cigar maker's international union to join with other craft unions in 1886. President of AFL
b. Significance
helped to create the American federation of Labor and was president.

the Homestead strike
Carnegie steel workers
a. Identification
Carnegie steel workers call strike on june 29 1892 after anounced pay cuts. Company hired strikebreakers and detectives. Battle killed 3 detectives and nine strikers. National guard arrived on july 12. Strike continued until November, strikers finally gave in.
b. Significance
IT took 45 years for steel workers to mobilize like that again.

the Pullman strike

a. Identification
Spring of 1894 stirke called when pullman company refused ot restore wages. ARU boycotted pullman trains. Pullman hired strikebreakers, stirke turned violent. Federal troops called, debs jailed, strikers blacklisted.
b. Significance
Strikers blacklisted, debbs jailed

Eugene V. Debs

a. Identification
Founder of American Railway Union, organized pullman strike, spokesperson for socialist party of America. In 1912 won 900000 votes.
b. Significance
Founder of American Railway Union, organized pullman strike, spokesperson for socialist party of America. In 1912 won 900000 votes.

the Industrial Workers of the World

a. Identification
founded in 1905 by a group of radical unionists and socialists. Leader was Big Bill Haywood. welcomed african americans, membership never topped 100000
b. Significance
One major strike victory in 1912, gave dignity to workers.

Monday Homework

The federal government gave land and made loans to the railroad companies. Why was the government so eager to promote the growth of railroads?

Railroads provided people, business, and infrastructure to the western US. The railroads connected isolated towns, and created a huge number of jobs for people. In fact, entire cities (like Chicago (which was known for its stockyards) and Minneapolis (for its grain industry)) began to specialize in one industry which they would sell to other communities via the railroads which connected them. Other cities were simply formed around junctions of railroad lines.

Tuesday Homework

Andrew Carnegie= Big business owner, philanthropist, founder of Carnegie Steel, donated 90% of wealth to charities.

Social Darwinism= Belief that the rich were strong and meant to survive and poor should perish.

John D. Rockefeller= Made trusts, founder of Standard Oil, bought out Carnegie Steel.

Sherman Antitrust Act= An act meant to break up trusts, but lack of clear wording made court cases difficult. Supreme court threw out 7 out of 8 cases.

Samuel Gompers= Led Cigar Makers International Union to join with other skilled workers' unions. President of American Federation of Laborors.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)= Union which used strikes as a major tactic to reach written agreements giving workers shorter hours and higher pay.

Eugene V. Debs=Founded American Railway Union, mostly unskilled railroad workers, did not accept blacks. Organized Pullman strike, ran for socialist party of America.

Industrial Workers of the World= Group of radical unionists and socialists. Included miners, loggers, canners, and dock workers. Welcomed blacks.

Mary Harris Jones=Most prominent organizer of female labor unions. Promoted Great Strike of 1877, lead severely injured children to Teddy Roosevelt's house to help pass child labor laws.

Sept. 11 homework

The three major factors which contributed to the immense technological boom that took place in the United States after the Civil War were: oil, electricity, and steel. Steel enabled architects to design stronger, taller, and bigger buildings and structures. Steel was also used to make railroad tracks and barbed wire. Electricity enabled us to power many machines which didn't have to be placed next to a river to get energy.

1. What are some of the main reasons that the federal government's policy of assimilation failed?
Native Americans refused to become part of America and lose their past and way of life, and because of their deep distrust of the government. Most people at the time believed Indians were savages, they mistreated Indians and the many promises of protection by the government failed. Which lead to Indians not trusting the government.






Think About:

• Native Americans' way of life
• Cultural differences
• Attitude of whites toward Native Americans
• Government promises

2. How successful were government efforts to promote settlement of the Great Plains? Give examples to support your answer.

The government was very successful in promoting the settling of the west. All we had to do to get settlers to come was to make a railroad so they could transport cows and goods. The homestead act was another reason to go west. to get 160 free acres of land would be unheard of today. Considering that americans used 800 million acres of land in the west in 280 years, I would say the government was pretty successful.



Think about:

• The growth in population on the Great Plains
• The role of railroads in the economy
• The Homestead Act